d+Italian

__FROM LATIN TO THE ROMANCE LANGUAGES __

The core of the Romance languages, both for vocabulary and for grammar, is formed from Latin.

 Latin was spoken in a very limited area of ​​Lazio, between the Etruscan and Italic dialects. Later it became the literary language spread worldwide. It belongs to the great Indo-European family, known thanks to a continuous and systematic documentation from the III century B.C.

 Latin is a language that has important phenomena of conservation of Indo-European system, it also presents significant innovations:

 • Indo-European diphthongs become one sound: eg. oi>u oinos>unus;

 • simplification in declensions (loss of the locative and the instrumental);

 • simplification in conjugations;

 • substantial change in the system of accentuation.

 Not only in the //provinciae//, but also in Rome itself, the language commonly spoken differed more or less considerably, according to the ages and social categories, the written language and, above all, the language written with artistic intent.

 We find the biggest differences in the inscriptions of unofficial written sources, those are documents that show differences with grammar notes:

 • EPIGRAPHS;

 • DEFIXIONUM TABELLAE: metal plates used to do magic, to induce or protect from the evil eye;

 • LITERARY WORKS;

 • TECHNICAL TREATED;

 • WORKS OF GRAMMARIANS;

 • WORKS LEXICOGRAPHERS;

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> • WORKS OF CHRISTIAN AUTHORS.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> Since the conquered peoples did not seem to lose completely their native language, for a long time we find phenomena of bilingualism.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> The main changes in the transition from Latin to Romance languages, are at the phoneme level:

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> __PHONETICS__:

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> Collapse of the Latin vowel system.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> Progressive change in the nature of accent; in Latin vowels were divided into long and short vowels, the vowels in the Romance languages ​​follow a qualitative criterion, distinguishing between open and closed ones.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> LATIN = contains ten LONG OR SHORT vowels.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> ITALIAN = contains seven OPEN OR CLOSED vowels. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">ITALIAN VOWEL SYSTEM



<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Modern science has chosen the name of Romania, to designate the complex of Neo-Latin world, in which Romance languages are spoken​​, as a a direct continuation of Latin.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> In the Italo-romance Area :

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> • //Italian//

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> //• Northern, Central and Southern Dialects//

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> //• Sardinian// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> Video <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> **__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">ITALIAN __** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The main part is made from Italian.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> The Tuscan dialects are of special importance, both for their great conservativeness, and for the fact that one of them, the Florentine, constitutes the basis of the Italian literary language formed in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Geographical and historical reasons have caused the Tuscan vernacular would prevail over the other dialects in the country, which already began to assert in different regions. But there were mainly literary reasons, and especially the prestige of the three great Tuscans of the fourteenth century (Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio) that decided the absolute dominance of the Tuscan language.

__ DAL LATINO ALLE LINGUE ROMANZE __ Il nucleo fondamentale delle lingue neolatine, sia per il tesoro lessicale, sia per l'organismo grammaticale, è formato dal Latino. Il Latino occupava un'area assai limitata del Lazio, stretto tra i dialetti italici e l'Etrusco, poi, divenuta lingua letteraria si diffuse nel mondo. Appartiene alla grande famiglia indoeuropea, nota grazie ad una documentazione ininterrotta e organica solo dal III a. C. Il Latino è una lingua che presenta importanti fenomeni di conservazione del sistema indoeuropeo, presenta anche notevoli innovazioni: Non solo nelle //provinciae,// ma anche nella stessa Roma, la lingua comunemente parlata differiva più o meno considerevolmente, secondo le epoche e le categorie sociali, dalla lingua scritta e, soprattutto, dalla lingua scritta con intento artistico. Le maggiori differenze le troviamo nelle iscrizioni di carattere non ufficiale, si tratta di fonti scritte, cioè documenti che mostrano differenze con la grammatica nota. Ma i popoli sottomessi non parevano perdere del tutto la loro lingua d'origine; per molto tempo riscontriamo fenomeni di //bilinguismo//. I principali cambiamenti nel passaggio dal Latino alle lingue romanze, avvengono a livello fonetico: __FONETICA__: Collasso del sistema vocalico latino e caduta del criterio della quantità. Progressivo cambiamento sulla natura dell'accento, in Latino le vocali erano divise in vocali lunghe e vocali brevi, nelle lingue romanze le vocali seguono un criterio qualitativo, distinguendo tra vocali aperte e vocali chiuse. LATINO= VOCALI LUNGHE O BREVI(DURATA), 10 VOCALI IN TUTTO. ITALIANO=VOCALI APERTE O CHIUSE(QUALITA' O TIMBRO), 7 VOCALI IN TUTTO.
 * i dittonghi indoeuropei monottonghizzano: es. oi > u oinos > unus;
 * semplificazione della declinazione (perdita del locativo e dello strumentale);
 * semplificazione delle coniugazioni;
 * mutamento sostanziale del sistema di accentuazione.
 * EPIGRAFI
 * DEFIXIONUM TABELLAE: targhette metalliche utilizzate a scopo magico per indurre o proteggere dal malocchio;
 * OPERE LETTERARIE;
 * TRATTATI TECNICI;
 * OPERE DI GRAMMATICI;
 * OPERE DI LESSICOGRAFI;
 * OPERE DI AUTORI CRISTIANI.

SISTEMA VOCALICO ITALICO



La scienza moderna ha scelto il nome di Romània per designare il complesso del mondo neolatino, in cui si parlano le lingue romanze che sono diretta continuazione del Latino. Area Italo-romanza: **__L'ITALIANO__** La parte principale è costituita dall'Italiano. I dialetti toscani hanno speciale importanza, sia per la loro grande conservatività, sia per il fatto che uno di essi, il Fiorentino, sta alla base della lingua letteraria italiana, che si viene formando nei secoli XIII e XIV. Cause di carattere geografico e storico hanno fatto sì che il volgare toscano prevalesse sugli altri volgari della penisola, che già si cominciavano ad affermare in diverse regioni, ma furono soprattutto ragioni di carattere letterario, e specialmente il prestigio dei tre grandi toscani del Trecento (Dante, Petrarca e Boccaccio) che ne decisero l'assoluto predominio.
 * //Italiano//
 * //Dialetti Settentrionali, Centrali e Meridionali//
 * //Sardo//

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 25.3333px; text-align: justify;"> De vugari eloquentia



<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The De vulgari eloquentia is a treatise in Latin, written by Dante Alighieri between 1303 and early 1305.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> While addressing the issue of the vernacular, is written in Latin because it is addressed to the parties belong to the elite culture of the time. It is incomplete.

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">Structure and themes
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> The work opens with a metaphor: Dante declares that he will use his "wit and writings, and the culture of others" to fill a cup so big and mescerne a sweet mead.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> The central theme is the eloquence of the vernacular: in dealing with the matter in a comprehensive and encyclopedic, Dante focuses on the research of an illustrious vulgar, vulgar, or that it can take on the characteristics of literary language in the varied panorama Italian language.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">In its previous version, the treaty would be divided into 4 books, but in reality the work of Dante was interrupted in Chapter XIV of the second. The beginning of the first book addresses the origins of languages ​​and their historical and geographical categories. In the following pages Dante addresses the problem of unified literary language, opening the so-called "language question". The paragraphs on offer invaluable insights into the linguistic reality of the early fourteenth century. Dante classifies Italian dialects (vulgar municipal) and tries to find the one that has the characteristics to establish itself as a literary language. In his review he adopts as the river Po and whether dividing the Apennine mountain chain, resulting in a perfect cross that quadripartisce local languages​​.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> Dante defines the vernacular as the language the child learns from the nurse, unlike the grammar (a term with which Dante indicates Latin) language seen as immutable and considered an artifact of the elites. The author asserts, therefore, the greater nobility of the vernacular, it is the natural language, the first to be pronounced in his life and his readers: the new Dante is then also identify the tools of the vernacular as suitable to deal any topic, from the love of virtue and war.